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Fluid and Crystallized intelligence:
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Fluid intelligence is how easily/quickly one learns/comprehends complex tasks (AKA "IQ").
This is typically measured via
Raven's Progressive Matrices
- Crystallized intelligence is essentially knowledge (information that one has stored in memory, regardless of how long it took one to aquire it).
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Fluid intelligence is how easily/quickly one learns/comprehends complex tasks (AKA "IQ").
This is typically measured via
Raven's Progressive Matrices
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Heritability of IQ: 57% to 73%.
- "Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic" - Study "Davies, G., Tenesa, A., Payton, A. et al. Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic. Mol Psychiatry 16, 996–1005 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2011.85"
- "Intelligence is one of the most heritable behavioural traits ... from about 20% in infancy to perhaps 80% in later adulthood." - Study Plomin, R, and I J Deary. “Genetics and intelligence differences: five special findings.” Molecular psychiatry vol. 20,1 (2015): 98-108. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.105
- Positive correlation between birth order and IQ (i.e. first-borns have higher IQs than last-borns)
- How health impacts IQ
- Latter-day Saints (AKA Mormons) are selecting for slightly higher IQ partners (slightly eugenic), political conservatives for slightly lower IQ partners (slightly dysgenic), and everyone else for moreso-lower-IQ partners (dysgenic). Similarly found that conservatives, in general, show a weaker selection against intelligence than do liberals.
- National IQ is the best predictor of economic growth
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The Flynn effect
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During the 19XXs,
many parts of the world experienced both fluid & crystallized intelligence score rises.
The cause(s) are uncertain but suspected to possibly include:
- additional schooling
- improved nutrition
- more stimulating enviroments
- reduction in disease
- reduction in lead-based paint
- reduction in leaded fuels
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Reverse Flynn Effect: Since the 199Xs, IQ scores are decreasing in
Norway, Denmark, Australia, Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, and German-speaking countries.
The cause is uncertain, but may include:
- (some or all of the) Causes of the Flynn effect have been exhausted (e.g. all lead-based paint has been removed)
- Immigration from lower-IQ higher-TFR countries
- Dysgenic forces/trends are increasing
- Culture (somewhat of a catch all)
- Decline in religion
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During the 19XXs,
many parts of the world experienced both fluid & crystallized intelligence score rises.
The cause(s) are uncertain but suspected to possibly include:
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Qiran Zhao, Xiaobing Wang, Scott Rozelle
"Better cognition, better school performance? Evidence from primary schools in China"
China Economic Review,
Volume 55,
2019
- Full paper: https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/better_cognition_better_school_performance.pdf
- 10000 primary school students from private migrant schools in (Chinese provinces) Beijing and Suzhou, and from public rural schools in Henan and Anhui, were IQ-tested using the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices test. High rates of developmental delay (about 33% of the students have Ravens scores that are less than one standard deviation lower than an international mean). Mean Flynn-adjusted IQ Score of "88.95". Student cognition is by far the most important factor in their academic achievement.